Review of the History and Evolution of In-Mold Labeling (IML) Technology and Its Applications in Plastic Container Manufacturing

In-Mold Labeling (IML) is a decorative technique used globally in the production of blow-molded bottles, injection-molded containers, and thermoformed packaging. This technique was first introduced in Europe in the early 1970s for injection molding and later adopted in the United States for blow molding in the late 1970s. Pre-printed labels can be applied during the thermoforming, blow molding, or injection molding processes and become an integral part of the container or lid.

The earliest IML labels were composed of coated paper layers with clay applied on both sides. One side featured a heat-activated adhesive, while the other displayed a printed, colored surface protected by a printed coating. With advancements in printing technology, plastic film-based labels gradually replaced paper labels and now dominate the IML market.

IML is considered one of the most advanced technologies in the plastics and packaging industries. In this process, a pre-printed label is placed inside the mold and fuses seamlessly with the plastic during molding, becoming a permanent part of the final product. The result is a high-quality, durable finish without the need for additional adhesive labeling.

Development Timeline:

1960s–1970s – Conceptual Beginnings
Initial ideas for IML emerged during this period, but due to limited technological capabilities, applications were mostly confined to early-stage experiments.

1980s – Commercialization and Growth
Advancements in printing, raw materials, and molding machinery paved the way for IML’s commercial viability. Companies such as Procter & Gamble in the U.S. began using IML for HDPE bottle production.

1990s – Widespread Adoption in Europe
IML gained significant traction in Europe, becoming a popular packaging solution for food and consumer goods. Improvements in label quality and material performance played a key role in its global acceptance.

21st Century – Innovation, Sustainability, and High-Resolution Graphics
Today, IML benefits from high-resolution graphics, durable label materials, and environmentally friendly features—especially the use of mono-materials that support recycling—making it a sustainable and efficient solution across various industries.

Key Advantages of IML:

• Complete integration of the label with the product body for superior durability
• Increased production speed and reduced waste
• Professional appearance resistant to scratches and moisture
• Easy recyclability due to the use of uniform materials

Today, IML is not only an aesthetic technology but also a smart, eco-friendly solution widely adopted across numerous industries around the world.